Becker’s Rational Theory Free Essays

string(91) " not practical because it does not take its effects on society as critically as it should\." Gary Becker is both a sociologist and economist although he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1992 for his rational theory for economics.   The lecture he gave for the Nobel was divided into six points: his economic approach to life, his view of the discrimination against minorities, his theories on crime and punishment, his understanding of human capital, his perspectives on family ties and how he believes people will accept the theories he had proposed. Becker’s ideas are refreshing, if not altogether new and worth understanding. We will write a custom essay sample on Becker’s Rational Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now First of all, he distinguishes his analysis from the Marxian perspective.   He explained that the communist concept is purely based on utilitarian terms while his concept of rationality is a method of analysis and not an â€Å"assumption about particular motivations.† (38) His approach is founded on the idea that time has its own cost.   He argues that many human developments have been made to extend life expectancy but no one can alter the pace of time from twenty-four hours to another pattern.   Thus, time has its cost and also affects the choices that people make because of its price. Becker takes hiring of workers and discrimination into a new light with his idea that the employers may usually be the source of discrimination but in truth, the employees and customers of a company also contribute to the decisions being done on employment. He cites that some workers refuse to be assigned under a woman and certain clients may prefer to deal with white instead of black sales agents. One of his theories on discrimination is that when the quantity of the majority of a prejudicial relationship is greatly higher, the income of the mentioned party will be much higher while those of the minority group will be very limited.   However, Becker also believes that if the prejudicial group is smaller in quantity compared to the group they have chosen to outcast, then the prejudice will be harmful to the prejudicial people. Becker also controversially cites that the popularized beliefs of employers, teachers and other persons of influence on the community can create stereotypes that are harmful or counter-productive.   He bases his assumptions on the premise that education is an investment because previous studies show that putting more time and money in getting academic training boosts a person’s chances to become economically successful. Stereotyping people causes these minorities to lessen their educational investments both academically and career-wise.   This makes them less productive to society. It is worthy to note that Becker highly believes that education is a very good investment for the economy and that learning can be hindered by prejudice. Another institution Becker chose to analyze is society’s view on crime and punishment.   Becker sought to explain that crimes like stealing may not seem to cost the society very much but criminals also invest on weaponry and premeditated planning which could have been put to better communal use.The Nobel winner explained that in the mid-twentieth century, crimes were viewed as originating from mental illness and social oppression to the point that criminals were made to look like victims of society. These, therefore, affected social policies by giving criminals more rights, reducing the chances of apprehending and convicting criminals while lessening the security of the rest of the innocent. In his economic point of view, Becker believes that policies must be geared towards higher costs of punishment for criminals to deter them from making their crimes a livelihood.   He believes that to lessen crime, the economic and social environment formed by public policies (e.g. expenditures for punishments, employment opportunities, educational programs) must be taken into consideration.   If the legal jobs were paying much higher than what would have been gotten from a quick crime, then it would lessen the probability of criminal acts. It was Becker’s ideas that have inspired Law Professor, David Friedman (1995) to propose other ways of fighting and preventing crime.   Based on the Nobel awardee’s theory, the professor suggests that instead of paying policemen regular salaries, these officers should just get what has been collected from the criminals he had apprehended and caused to be convicted. In this scenario, the victim shall pay for the investigation of the crime to the police so that investigative jobs will be allocated well to the uniformed men. According to Friedman, this will lessen the cost of taxes that ordinary law-abiding citizens pay for protection and judicial courts. When the criminal is able to pay the damages he had brought about, then the victim and police have been paid. In this way, the policeman are not   tempted to accept bribes from criminals while the cost of implementing justice is greatly lowered. Another point of view was given by Dr. Mark Thornton, Senior Fellow at the Ludwig von Mises Institute, this time contradictory to Becker’s.   After his winning the Nobel, Becker became a staunch believer in the legalization of drugs to lessen its harmful impact on society.   On the other end is Dr. Thornton who made a paper entitled, Harm Reduction and Sin Taxes: Why Gary Becker is Wrong, to state his points.   According to Becker, legalizing drugs would bring in positive results if excise taxes will be created to make the price of these drugs less affordable.   However, according to Dr. Thornton, the taxes will still not eliminate the consumption of dangerous drugs but will only encourage production and consumption of more potent forms of these drugs.   Marking legal drugs as harmful will only make these even more attractive to young teens and adults.   Putting excise taxes will make the drug too costly for those who truly need it which might lead to consumers preferring a less expensive yet more harmful kind of solution and the formation of a black market.   Thornton further argues that there is no proper way to calculate the tax rate. (12) I In Thornton’s light, he reveals that Becker’s ideas may be highly theoretical but not practical because it does not take its effects on society as critically as it should. You read "Becker’s Rational Theory" in category "Essay examples" One subject that may give Becker a Marxian link is his use of the term â€Å"human capital.†Ã‚   Although the term he uses is Marxist, he does not intend it to mean something utilitarian.   Instead, Becker chose to use the term as a name for an analysis that bases its assumptions on how individuals choose their education, career training, medical care and other additions to knowledge and health by weighing the benefits (cultural and non-financial) and costs (value of time spent on these founding investments). (43) Becker identifies two theoretical concepts used in human capital analysis which are the general and specific training or knowledge.   Becker believes that general training is simply knowledge of how to make things work but specific training or knowledge refers to an individual’s skill in climbing up and down the authority structure of the company he or she works for and includes the talents that may be necessarily giving this employee more value to the company. With this proposition, human capital becomes an asset of a company as part of accounting principles. He further explains human capital investment in the light of marital relationships. He believes in the idea that marriages are unions that are based on the theory that putting together two people’s resources would make them stronger economically. Thus, divorce rates are affected by the financial stability of husbands and wives.   This also explains why the rich have lower divorce rates compared to couples who are problematic in their finances. Although romantics may want to challenge this idea, the statistics will provide Becker with more evidence rather than refute his contentions. Human capital is founded on the idea that education is an investment. Becker offers his human capital analysis to explain the gender gap in earnings of men and women.   Traditionally, women were more likely to get poorly-paid jobs because they spend time taking of children first before they can invest more attention to getting better education or training.   However, the decline of family size in the past decades, growth of divorce rates that leave single mothers to work for a living, increase in the fulfillment of job vacancies brought about by industrialization and legislation has been able to give women more opportunities for career and financial stability. Becker believes that his rational choice way of analyzing life can also explain the formation, dissolution and structure of families. The family is the oldest and most basic of all institutions. Becker already mentions that marriage is a union that is made between individuals who believe that staying together would benefit them both. Divorce, then, would be made if the two individuals believe that economic stability would be achieved without the other. One of the controversial principles regarding family and economics came from Malthus who believes that fertility would rise as incomes increase and would decline as incomes decrease.   This theory failed when the modern era showed that as industrialized countries were becoming super economic powers, birth rates started to dwindle. According to Becker, the only problem with the Malthusian principle is that it was not adaptable to modern life. Modern people put great value in time and so taking care of children costs greatly. Parents also recognize that the success of their children are based on the good quality education and training they are able to get. This raises the cost of investments even more which leads to couples having fewer children. This explanation also addresses why more and more women are entering the labor force. With fewer children to tend to, women are freer to pursue their careers. Becker also sought to analyze why there are societies wherein gender roles seem to attribute to women the child-rearing and agricultural activities compared to the men who are delegated to do the fighting and market work.   He believes that these are because of biological differences and cultural conditioning. He incorporates his human capital analysis by saying that any investment in education requires practice and that since men have more time to delve into the sporty and marketing skills, they are the ones given the gender role.   Women, on the other hand, are too busy with children to develop their own talents and skills and would do better in simply doing what else should be done to uphold the family. Becker believes that the way one is raised has a lot of bearing on how one thinks and acts as an adult.   Choices adults make in life are based on their childhood experiences.   Therefore, the family is a very important institution in society because the preferences that are at work in his rational theory are formed when people are growing up. Another aspect of family life Becker chose to single out was the issue of altruism.   Based on the â€Å"Rotten-Rid Theorem,† selfish individuals use altruistic behavior to ensure their own welfare. Therefore, parents and children can strive to uphold altruism within their families because of their own selfish purposes. For example, parents who are not planning to leave bequests to their children strive to uphold love, guilt and assistance among family members to ensure their welfare once they grow old.   By imbibing values such as caring, older children are made to feel guilty when they cannot take good care of their old parents. Parents who do not plan to leave bequests to their kids tend to strive to work or assist their children in housekeeping to compensate for their lack of financial contribution. With children who have been taught to give back something in return while they were young, the kids will be obliged to take good care of the old parents. Parents who are not planning to leave bequests can also give their children the best investment they can have – education – to ensure that when they are already old, the young ones will be able to provide for their needs. With these in mind, Becker makes a funny proposal for parents to have contracts with their children to oblige them to take care of the old couples once they are too weak to work. With his analysis of familial relationships, Becker also realizes that social institutions like homes of the aged are contributing to the breakdown of families. With the government taking care of what could have been someone’s responsibility, the family members communicate less and become estranged from each other. Other sources of this problem are greater geographical mobility, increased wealth due to better national economy, better capital and insurance markets that create financial endowments for these responsibilities, higher divorce rates that separate family members from each other and even health care which also takes care of things so that people can continue to work instead of taking care of each other. Becker concludes his lecture by summarizing the main points he had so far mentioned.   He also predominates any oppositions to his claims by saying that since his concepts are based on economic or rational choices towards behavior, many critics have already raised issues about individuals not acting consistently all the time and that behaviors are not always forward-looking (especially the ones of criminals). Becker counters these allegations also by explaining that his rational choice theory is not simply an economic approach limited to the micro level.   He believes that the theory can be a very good and powerful tool to use to understand and derive implications on the macro level. Backer believes that using assumptions about technology and other determinants of opportunities, market and non-market situations, laws, norms and traditions can help obtain better results about group behaviors. Becker’s ideas are truly remarkable. Some are simply a review of what has been happening to society (e.g. family dissolution) while others like his view of crime and punishment are refreshing and obviously revolutionizing social policies and perspectives. His view on crime, particularly, raises many controversial questions towards practicality especially because it concerns the security of many innocent people. Controversial or not, his rational choice theory shines a new light towards how humans keep adapting to the society he is forming at every moment and this makes him worth of the Nobel Prize. Works Cited Becker, Gary. â€Å"The Economic Way of Looking at Life.† Nobel Lecture. 09 December 1992 Economic Sciences.(1992): 38-58. Friedman, David. â€Å"Rational Criminals and Profit-Maximizing Police: Gary Becker’s Contribution to the Economic Analysis of Law and Law Enforcement.† 23 March 2008. http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Academic/Becker_Chapter/Becker_Chapter.html Thornton, Mark. â€Å"Harm Reduction and Sin Taxes: Why Gary Becker is Wrong.† 23 March 2008. http://www.mises.org/journals/scholar/Thornton9.pdf          How to cite Becker’s Rational Theory, Essay examples

Understanding Of Product And Data Interpretation †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Understanding Of Product And Data Interpretation. Answer: Introduction Information is contextual understanding product and data interpretation. It is the necessity medium through which expertise, knowledge, judgment and decisions taken by individuals is exposed, communicated and shared with others.Information management from organizational aspects to invoke the activities that support thelifecycle of information management from construction,representation and management through to interaction and reuse (Menkhoff, Evers and Chay, 2010). An information intellectual organization is one which considers the value of data or information and can successfully analyze, discover, assemble, search, benefit and reuse all sort of information products need for any of its process. This is certainly important as competitive benefits today makes data a core requirement for business process, increasing performance of organization and obtain effectiveness of operation (Li and Poon, 2013). An Enormous information is exchanged and lessons learned are accomplish in BIM activ ities. However, recentknowledge management practice is an individual process and no procedure has been established to collect those lesson learned in BIM (Chong and Hermreck, 2012). This would lead to lose the knowledge that will have bad impacts on BIM model and collaborations. Therefore, an integrated technique to perform knowledge management within the scope of BIM is required, so that the knowledge received from the validation system of lesson learned can be gathered in knowledge management system. This research intends to construct new building approach that will associate BIM and KM to fully collect and reuse knowledge in BIM movement, and facilitate constructing lifecycle mode and operation Knowledge Management Concepts The knowledge base represents to the types of data, information or project knowledge that is to be handled or managed. This KM (Knowledge Management Processes) defines to the activities and tasks that are executed to manage knowledge, within the project or organization context which is even called as process shaping factors (Robinson, 2010). Information is contextual understanding product and data interpretation. It is the necessity medium through which expertise, knowledge, judgment and decisions taken by individuals is exposed, communicated and shared with others. Data Information and Knowledge The concepts of information, data and knowledge are closely related and it is commonly considered that knowledge has higher level than information, and information is considered to be higher level than data. Data is a group of raw facts Information is well structure and interpreted data Knowledge is known as extracted information Data is a group of raw facts Data is a group of distinct, objective facts about action and offers no interpretation and no feasible basis of events. Data are syntactic things and patterns without meaning, and available in usable or non-usable patterns without any implication beyond the existence. Information is well structured and interpreted data Information is well structured data provides with meanings, and is executed from the interpretation data process. It represent information as data that are progress to be useful, promoting solution to who, when, what, and, where questions. Knowledge is extracted information Today knowledge is become the most essential resource and asset for industry. Knowledge is dynamic justified belief of truth, and it is developed by individual and association communication in the society. It is the function of data and information, and it answers how questions. Although, Knowledge is developed through subjective efforts and involve judgment related to data and information. Data is a carrier and collection of information and knowledge, and a publish for knowledge transfer and information exchange (Sarngadharan and Minimol, n.d.). It is determine that information is related and detailed to the past and the present, while knowledge can be utilized to predict the future within a particular limit. The role of knowledge is to promote the operation of transforming data into information through interpretation of data, receive new information from existing information through expansion, and achieve new knowledge through learning. Holistic approach of information management A holistic approach to information management needs the integration of tools, skills, processes and strategies within group to manage all sort of recorded data through its complete lifecycle from creation to deletion accompanied by essential technologies and administrative infrastructure. Such techniques requires an appreciation of how the industry can best structure, use and explicit data to achieve desired outcome across its processed of diverse. Many technologies do exist which plan to enable this, however critical to the holistic approach success is emphasis on corporate policies and strategies guiding the benefits and evaluation of appropriate technology. A holistic approach to information system consist of four key components which is necessary to ensure the techniques is appropriate and contextual to support organization efficiently. The components are: Content Model Content model representing the nature of content, structure, lifecycle, business application, suitability for the industry and attributes. This also contains taxonomy and metadata Enterprise Model Enterprise model is depend on research of the organization, culture, its operation, partners, and supply chain management based on their communication with information through process. Technological requirement Technological requires to facilitate the execution of the predefined strategy also called as system or technology. Implementation Change Management Change and implementation management is to maintain the transition and accompanied to the strategy implementation. Precede to providing the findings, it is essential to differentiate Information Management and other integrated concepts in both practice and research. Characteristics of Knowledge Management Knowledge management tie on a large number of diverse sector such as: Management science Cognitive science Anthropology and sociology Education and training Linguistics and computational linguistics Information technologies such as document, knowledge-based systems and information management, electronic performance support systems, and database knowledge. Communication studies and story telling Journalism and technical writing Collaborative technologies such as CSCW (Computer-Supported Collaborative Work) and groupware as well as extranets, intranets, portals, and other web technologies. Library science and information The above points is by no means an intensive list but promotes to show the highly varied roots that knowledge management develop of and continues to be depend on now. The multidisciplinary characteristics of knowledge management shows a double-face sword: it is an advantage as probably anyone can recognize a familiar foundation upon which to base an understanding on the one hand and even process of knowledge management. Information Management in the construction Industry The model and construction process is associated with numerous stakeholder and participant working together as temporary professionals through the procurement process to construct and implement unique solution to meet the client requirements (Luo, 2012). The outcome resulting from this often complex communication are created through the spontaneous exchange off information. Due to the complex nature of this data for executing the task at hand, maintaining it has been discovered as crucial to efficient delivery of the projects. Construction analysis into information management concentrated on the environment of the project frequently highlighting the requirement for enhanced coordination and collaboration between stakeholders. Indeed, strides create in this field have given rise to emergent standard for collaborative information environments. While group in the construction industry generally works on projects, project centric aspects does not define all the data created, distributed and managed within the association, nor does it enable group working on multiple projects to control cross-project data. Managers also lack considerate of the wider problems around information management, the kind of information different people within their group require and want, and how to create and implement a suitable information management strategy to support their corresponding organization. This study looks provides the findings from a detailed research into information management in construction industry. Information Systems in Construction Management explains the business globe is instant changing, and the move in significance in management in group from tactical to strategic is very clear. The construction field is becoming more dynamic, and requires to think differently about how it will organize Business in a highly competitive surroundings. A study recognize that IS/IT can be implement to, and assist, the construction field in three main operation, namely: Administration and construction management; Construction engineering; and Automated information acquisition and process management. To highlighting the strategic importance of Information system in the construction industry, and represents that information system is very critical to business performance of the two group. Figure 2.3.1 represent some examples of generic and proprietary kind of IS/IT rule which are essential in construction. These involves, Computer Aided Drafting and Design (CADD), accounting system and quantities bills. Manual mechanism are important (Shally-Jensen, n.d.). A key tender decline of these systems at the time the advance is to be submitted could be of critical significance. Figure 2.3.1 role of information systems in construction industry. Various of the more recent benefits in Information system technology that are utilize in the construction industry, involves the Internet, wireless technology, and World Wide Web (WWW), integrated databases, videoconferencing, electronic tendering and recording. Barriers to successful IS implementation in Construction Sector Information is a key assets in the construction field, and software developers, researchers, and practitioners are now implement information system to automate named phases of the construction operation. Considering the relevant limited detailed inquiry that has been taken in this area. it is very complex to represent the outlook and boundaries of the performance and benefits of Information System in construction industry. For many construction group Information System encompasses the utilization of all electronic equipment of data transfer, while others view information system as the use of the recent technology, and some view it as portion of management strategies. This divergence has led to the amount of various information system representation within the construction field. Consequently, an information-centric representation might be that information system comprises the need of electronic system and programs for storage, processing and production of information. This definition demonstrates the important aspects that information system plays in developing the effectiveness of interaction and exchange information in the context of controlling construction progresses. The successful achievement of construction projects based up on the effectiveness, accuracy and timing of the information exchange between the members in the project team. The factors that prevent the adoption of information system in construction industry include: Detention from executive management; Strong profit limit; Lack of IS or IT awareness; Lack of training and employee education; Degree of needed association change; and Trust that the company is doing well without IT or IS. The literature offers ambiguity about the received strategic role of information system in the field of construction and its implementation in process. The research also found that information system played a key portion in the execution of construction projects and many construction industry had advantage from the strategic moment offered by information system. BIM Concepts Coordination between trades of construction is quit challenging. The old 2D drawing based process is often periods complex to follow for the participants of the project. Resolution and identification of problems often needs a great deal of technical experience and skill. 3D building information model (BIM) and touch screen offering technology create process easy to understand for entire participant of the project. The ease in which problem can be discovered and promoted helps to facilitate interactions among the trades and leads to more interference resolution (Machado and Davim, 2014). The virtual trade association progress is a valuable process that can be evaluated during pre-construction stage and during MEP coordination process in the phase of construction. Designers and subcontractors develop digital, 3D modes of the corresponding scope of work depends on their model documents. These designs are then uploaded to a common server which then associates the discipline, design and t rade particular designs into a consolidated 3D model and from the combined model, develop Clash Repots (Zhang, Han and Zhao, n.d.). The Clash Report and models in coordination meeting with the subcontractors and designer are inspected and solution to the analyzed issues are discussed. The designer and subcontractors update their designs and 3D-models and resubmit the 3D-designs for next phase which based on the above discussed solution. The level is repeated until all associated parties have confidence in the development of construction of the coordinated design. The MEP-association process is non linear which means that the subcontractors create their models in parallel, initiate with vertical shafts, major parts of equipment and trim and major lines (Svenson, n.d.). Once these materials are integrated the subcontractors expand on details (Lytras et al., 2010). MEP engineer determines the sequence of association and expands the phase of details in drawing. BIM can be used to provid e a comprehensive design of the construction project quantities. Model based measuring systems enables calculators to assign properties to 3D building elements. Estimators can easily able to filter quantities, discover constructability problem and develop cost estimates by using Model Based calculating system. Potential Knowledge Integration in BIM BIM is a key technology which is used for the association of project management and constructing information. Constructing information designing and design execution is an evolutionary process, and it is difficult for us to collect knowledge in this progress from one level to another (Kuchiki, Mizobe and Gokan, n.d.). However, recent BIM technique is not matured enough to execute and collect knowledge, and knowledge management is a stand-alone method which is separated from BIM practice. Knowledge Management Knowledge management conduct, plans, motivates, and maintain individuals and IS to enhance the organizations knowledge property and development efficiency. Content of knowledge management system processes is knowledge execution, codification of knowledge and coordination, and transfer of knowledge. Even though, knowledge management consist five processes that are construction, validation, distribution, presentation and application. Knowledge management is used to accelerate the association improvement by properly practice these processes (Linger, 2013). The significance of well-designed knowledge management technique has been entirely identified, and the knowledge management has become one of the main area for decision making and business aspect processes. In the survey organized by KPMG (2003), a vast part (80%) of the participating industry identified knowledge as their strategic properties, and few representatives even determined that a possible 6% of annual revenue was due to the decline of knowledge management. The objective of knowledge management is to improve the productivity and the manner of team works through a knowledge distributing platform (Mill, 2016). In order to accomplish success, a group should execute knowledge management activities as an entire, and motivate individuals to utilize the process. Knowledge acquirement is to identify and store knowledge, and evaluate information acquired. Knowledge distribution is to exchange and transfer knowledge to an organization through some platform like phone, document and the internet; reuse of knowledge is to re-execute knowledge collected for innovation; and knowledge management is to extract knowledge in the repository, and only keep the essential information up-to-date. The implementation of knowledge management in association should promote knowledge transfer cross various projects, as well as gaining and storing knowledge in powerful way. The organizations knowledge data and innovation capacity sh ould be enhanced in the process of management. Knowledge Integration Recent BIM applications are information-supported building modeling techniques with satisfactory element-relevant information commit to each portion of the design. Knowledge management is an independent and separate process, with no composition with BIM implementation. As a result, the KM and the BIM techniques have to be regulate and control separately, thus minimize the ability of project collaboration. As both of them are achieved throughout the lifecycle of a project. Then, knowledge is known as higher level of information, it is beneficial and practical to split the border of them and coordinate into BKM (Building Knowledge Modeling). To minimize the search capacity in the process, an additional passage that shows information about the input data is joined to enable the information cooperate visualization (Lee, 2009). In such case of the system, the visualization ability and effectiveness would be enhanced by responding on the information abstracted from the resources. Furthermo re, knowledge from the user is the essential section of the visualization process and inadequate domain knowledge generally reduces quality of the performance (Plattner, Meinel and Leifer, 2015). Therefore, a knowledge-based system that contain expert knowledge is append to utilize the operation by promoting domain knowledge distributing and reusing between various users. BIM can be developed in the same way, by elaborating information exchange into knowledge distribution with the combination of a complete functional KMS. The BIM applications and Knowledge management system which stores knowledge in a Knowledge Management repository are joint and operated simultaneously to fulfill information exchange requirements of BIM application and knowledge sharing, capture, reuse and maintenance requirements of Knowledge management. Benefits of Model Based Estimating To a cost of estimate, transparently connect the outlook and the quantities. It is very easy to promote the scope and the object visually show in the 3D design are also produce in the estimate. Model based Estimate theory permits calculators to effectively handle scope changes and make sure that the altered scope is then accurately produce in the estimate. Conclusion This paper promotes the research from an investigation into the essence of Information management in the Construction Industry reflecting the multidimensional essence of a holistic approach. The research highlight the significance of an association aspects on information management and the rising practitioners are laying on how information can be better controlled to support their major processes. Business process for which the technology is proposed and the received value of the innovation for the business. BIM has been widely used in the A/E/C industry with the aim to build a virtual facility design precede to constructing it physically to facilitate collaboration and model (Thatchenkery, Avital and Cooperrider, 2010). It originated from BDM, which handled a construction project by unstructured date such 2D drawing and old CAD technologies etc. knowledge management is critic to improve the productivity and adaptability of a project. It equips groups or organization with competitive advantages and facilitates business reflective and decision making processes. From the research in the paper, we can see the feasibility and possibility of the BKM approach by associating knowledge collect and reuse in BIM uses with the integration module knowledge. A succeed BKM strategy is having the capability of collecting, distributing, reusing and managing knowledge sequentially in the collaboration and communication activity throughout the lifecycle of building. The BKM approach activates a comprehensive knowledge management techniques as well as building information to facilitate collaboration of team and project management. Additionally, redundant and unwanted rework can be minimized by fully using expert knowledge to facilitate energy effective model. References Chong, W. and Hermreck, C. (2012).ICSDC 2011. Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers. This resource taken from American society of civil engineers and it describe about how information system adopted construction industry. Kuchiki, A., Mizobe, T. and Gokan, T. (n.d.).A Multi-Industrial Linkages Approach to Cluster Building in East Asia. This journal describe about the multi-industrial linkage of construction which utilizes knowledge management. Lee, I. (2009).Selected readings on information technology and business systems management. Hershey: Information Science Reference. This resource is taken form information science and it represents business system management and IT and its uses in this construction field. Li, R. and Poon, S. (2013).Construction Safety. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. It describes the holistic approach of knowledge management Linger, H. (2013).Building sustainable information systems. New York: Springer. The resource is taken from New York springer and describe knowledge management and knowledge integration. Luo, J. (2012).Soft computing in information communication technology. Berlin: Springer. It describes the information system Barriers to successful IS implementation in Construction Sector. Lytras, M., Ordonez De Pablos, P., Ziderman, A., Roulstone, A., Maurer, H. and Imber, J. (2010).Knowledge Management, Information Systems, E-Learning, and Sustainability Research. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. The resource is taken from Berlin, Heidelberg: springer and describe knowledge management and knowledge integration and information system research. Machado, C. and Davim, J. (2014).Transfer and management of knowledge. London, England: ISTE. It describe potential knowledge integration in BIM and benefits of model based estimating. Menkhoff, T., Evers, H. and Chay, Y. (2010).Governing and managing knowledge in Asia. Singapore: World Scientific. The resource is taken from Singapore: World Scientific and it demonstrates knowledge management and holistic approach of KM. Mill, J. (2016).A System Of Logic, Ratiocinative And Inductive. Dinslaken: Anboco. It describes characteristic of knowledge management. Plattner, H., Meinel, C. and Leifer, L. (2015).Design Thinking Research. Cham: Springer International Publishing. It describe about model research in information management and potential knowledge integration in building model. Robinson, H. (2010).Governance knowledge management for public-private partnerships. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell. It describe about knowledge integration and detailed description of data, information and knowledge concepts. Sarngadharan, M. and Minimol, M. (n.d.).Management information system. It describe about management information in system in construction industry and collected business process research to achieve in field. Shally-Jensen, M. (n.d.).Careers in building construction. It describe about knowledge management to building construction and additionally explain about business model estimating and also about building information model advantages and tools. Svenson, N. (n.d.).The United Nations as a knowledge system. It describe briefly about data, knowledge and information and knowledge system in united nation how they achieve business plan using this knowledge system. Thatchenkery, T., Avital, M. and Cooperrider, D. (2010).Positive design and appreciative construction. Bradford: Emerald Group Publishing. It represents building information model in potential knowledge integration and also explains BIM concepts. Zhang, H., Han, M. and Zhao, X. (n.d.).Advanced research on industry, information system and material engineering IV. It describes about advance research about information system and how knowledge management utilizes those construction tool to achieve their business strategy using BIM technology

magic test Review Essay Example

magic test Review Paper Essay on magic test As usual, a review was originally written in English audiobook. This is not the first time have seen situations where an exceptionally elegant first book the second with the author that something happens. Sometimes they begin to stretch until the end of the series, sometimes vigorously pulled up to the first level, but something was missing. Whether the spark is not the same, whether there is a fear to leave the wrong way. I would not say that what happened with Mary Snyder is very critical for the target audience of her books, but personally I was a little sad The Magic Study our Elena goes to the neighboring country -. Sitia unrestrained and magical, full of contrast Ixia. Concurrently, it is her home country where she finally finds a family, learn to control their abilities and generally learn a lot about yourself. Well, a good adventure fantasy to travel the jungles, steppes, fights, intrigue and magic (as of the writing of this sentence I carefully forgot his love for Jordan, Sapkowski and Martin, yes: D). We will write a custom essay sample on magic test Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on magic test Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on magic test Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So now claims if the Poison Study on merisyuizm Elena was still possible to turn a blind eye, here he comes to some completely impossible heights (Bell, Claire, and even rose from the vampire Academy nervously smoking in aside). And, apparently, it is not going to stop. In this situation, it is not clear why our heroine all the other characters but in general, the author believes that we need. And who am I to argue with the author. And of all these characters offensive just Valek, which was lowered to love rags and rare, almost remote, wand sticks. Yes, my buhtenie boils down to the fact that Poison Study was better. The intrigue of the story is stronger, the characters interesting, voltage demolition of the roof On the second is the book just want to forget However, a series of reading, I still continued, because you can not throw Valek

Beowulf, The Class Example of An Epic †Literature Essay

Beowulf, The Class Example of An Epic – Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers Beowulf, The Class Example of An Epic Literature Essay The story Beowulf is a classic example of an epic. An epic is a long narrative poem that relates the great deeds of a larger-than-life hero who embodies the values of a particular society. The tone of an epic is serious and uses language that is magnificent. Many elements in Beowulf display the common characteristics of what makes a story an epic. First of all, every story that is an epic has a hero who strongly identifies with a particular people or society. In Beowulf our hero Beowulf identifies with the Anglo-Saxons. One belief they have is bravery. Beowulf and his men exhibit this when they hear of Grendels deadly attacks on Herot hall and henceforth prepare a ship to sail to Denmark. Another one of their beliefs is loyalty towards their family, clan, or kingdom. Their need of loyalty stems from a need to protect one another. Beowulf shows loyalty when he helps the kingdom that his father had served. Additionally, Beowulf displays his loyalty to his people when he states my people have said / †¦that my duty was to go to the Danes / Great king (ll 149, 150, 151) while he is talking to King Hrothgar. Furthermore, the hero in an epic performs great deeds in battle or undertakes an extraordinary journey. Sometimes gods or other fantastical creatures are part of the action, too. Beowulf performs many fantastic feats, including fighting Grendel and then Grendels mom. When he remarks that he hears †¦the monsters scorn of men / Is so great that he needs no weapons†¦ (ll 167, 168) Beowulf announces Nor will I†¦ / My hands / Alone shall fight for me (ll 169, 172, 173). Although Grendel is extremely powerful and dulls all weapons useless, Beowulf is still able to defeat him. In addition, epics use heightened language and their setting is either broad or sweeping. The language usage in Beowulf is incredibly sharp. A good example comes when the author refers to Grendels terrorizing attacks as Twelve winters of grief for Hrothgar, king / Of the Danes, sorrow heaped at his door / By hell forged hands (ll 62, 63, 64). The setting of Beowulf is broad as Beowulf goes many places. He competes against Brecca in the deepest seas then departs to Denmark in order to battle Grendel. Next, he proceeds to Grendels moms terrible home to overcome her too. In his last battle, Beowulf heads to the tower under the rocky cliffs to fight the dragon. In conclusion Beowulf has every aspect of an epic. Without one of them, it would not be an epic. All of these characteristics together contribute to this story classifying as an epic. Therefore, with the above evidence, Beowulf is an epic in every way. Research Papers on Beowulf, The Class Example of An Epic - Literature EssayHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayMind TravelComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsWhere Wild and West MeetCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionBringing Democracy to Africa19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Blue Nile Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blue Nile Inc - Essay Example However, I would like to point out that it has produced very outstanding financial records as was proved by its balance sheet and cash flow. Besides, it has resorted to offering high quality diamond and jewelry products to its clients. This has been coupled with the provision of more competitive services. This is a good strategy which might enable the company to win the confidence of its clients as they seek to consider it as the company of choice amongst its competitors. The other indication for the company’s competitiveness is based on the fact that it has resorted to offering its shoppers with adequate information and guidance when conducting their purchases. This has made it possible for them to get the right information on what to acquire (Gomez-Mejia et al, 128). It is for this reason that the company has had a powerful competitive strength assessment. According to the assessment, the company has realized a high level of manufacturing, customer service, distribution, product innovation and quality production capabilities. Thus, it generated an overall weighted strength rating of 5.59. This is outstanding. ii. The company should consider counteracting the stiff competition from established firms who have conquered online diamond and jewelry business. This will increase its chances of enjoying a larger share of the online market. i. It should establish physical stores in which the shoppers can get access of its variety of commodities which are supplied to them. This will be a good idea for the company as it will make it possible for the company to be efficient and reliable in its supply. ii. The company should heavily invest on sales promotions. Meaning, it should advertize its services to all its target clients. Thus, they will get information about the existence, uses, benefits and quality of the products it deals in (Gomez-Mejia et al,

Why are UFOs still a mystery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why are UFOs still a mystery - Essay Example There are many possible explanations as to why UFOs are still a mystery, some of which are discussed here. An unidentified flying object, UFO is â€Å"an object or light, reportedly seen in the sky, whose appearance, trajectory, and general dynamic and luminescent behavior do not readily suggest a logical, conventional explanation† (UFO). According to general belief, UFOs are spaceships, belonging to extraterrestrial life, or aliens. However, it is important to note that all unidentified objects in the sky need not necessarily belong to aliens. Many UFOs mistaken to be spaceships were actually found to be weather balloons or military airplanes. There have been many instances, however, where the appearance of a UFO could not be explained based on rational terrestrial phenomena, and it is believed that these can only be alien spacecrafts or flying saucers. Many instances of alien sightings on earth, have also been reported. For instance, a farmer and two members of the Mutual UF O Network, MUFON were reported to have seen a three-foot tall alien in Southeast US (Keen). In another event that occurred about 69 years ago over Los Angeles during the Second World War, a seemingly unidentifiable flying object was observed in the sky while the West Coast was preparing for an air raid, . Around 1,400 shells were fired at it. Yet, it managed to remain in flight â€Å"despite an intense artillery barrage that lasted 25 minutes† (Linkhorn). This incident was soon forgotten and was later revived as a â€Å"possible UFO event (Linkhorn). Describing the event and the UFO observed then, Bruce Maccabee, a UFO researcher states, â€Å"The technology goes beyond what we have† (qtd. in Linkhorn). Due to technological as well as intellectual limitations, the presence of extra terrestrial life and flying saucers will always remain a mystery. Nevertheless, the UFO sightings on earth do need further investigations to ascertain whether or not they belong to alien be ings. In spite of video and photographic proofs, apart from eye witnesses, UFOs still remain a mystery. The possible reasons as to why UFOs are still a mystery could be the absence of sound and rational evidence in favor of flying saucers. Inconsistent records, improper reporting by eyewitnesses, and governmental cover-ups may also be held responsible. From another perspective, it may also be assumed that UFOs especially flying saucers belonging to extra terrestrials do not really exist, and that they are actually fake stories perpetrated in order to hide military secrets. 1. Improper reporting and inconsistent records Improper reporting by witnesses of UFOs, hoax reports and lack of consistent records is one of the major reasons behind the prevalence of UFO mysteries. While innumerable sightings are reported worldwide, not all witnesses report a single incident with uniformity. This instigates doubt and disbelief in their existence. However, the witnesses and reporters cannot be bl amed for the lack of accurate information. Humans are bound by physical limitations. Furthermore, UFOs travel at extremely swift speeds. It is difficult to assimilate accurate details when confronted with a UFO sighting. Moreover, owing to the high velocities of these objects, they are reported to be seen at many different locations simultaneously. According to Peter Davenport, the executive director of the National UFO Reporting Center: It appears these things are capable of traveling at unimaginably high velocities. So a UFO that’s seen over Wenatchee can be over Florida or the Ivory Coast, I believe, certainly within minutes, and possibly

Effect of Phone Type on Texting Frequency

Effect of Phone Type on Texting Frequency Texting and Mobile Phones among Fourth Year High School Students in Saint Augustine’s School Ballocanag, Brian Emil Dungan, DonEllise Francisco, Ralph Vincent Jacinto, Arvin Jhay Javillionar, Kevin Jayson Laplana, Clifford Sean Lite, Gwynette Manzano, Aixel Nicolas, Rinalyn Tacho, Mariella Stephanie Lyne Abstract This study was concluded to give an answer to the problem if there is really a significant effect of the typeof mobile phones to the frequency of texting. The researchers distributed 24 copies of questionnaire to the Junior and Senior students of Saint Augustine’s School, 2014-2015, to know if how many times do they text daily using the type of mobile phones that they have. The Chi-Square Test of Independence was used to test the null hypothesis. The researchers accepted the null hypothesis since the P-value was more than the significance level 0.05. Thus, it was concluded that the frequency of texting is not dependent on the type of mobile phone. Introduction Mobile Phones are great for talking to someone without seeing his/her face. But theyre also great for messaging especially text messaging, to get in touch with our loved ones and even some strangers without having a phone call which really requires cost. Often, we flaunt our mobile phones simply because they are smartphones and were manufactured by some of the famous companies in the field of gadgets. We care less the phones that are locally-made and classical. Sometimes, we are fond of using the popular-branded smartphones because they are being advertised in the television and we don’t want to be left behind by the high-tech and industrialized world. At present, we are attracted to expensive and high-class brand of mobile phones. We often believe in some cell phone companies telling that their products are better than their competitor’s products. We are then persuaded and lured by them that we begin to patronize and buy their mobile phones without so much hesitation. And our biggest and most specific reason is that, we text more when using them than when using the old-branded and normal mobile phones. Is there really a relationship between texting and the type of mobile phone? Teenagers from the wealthier household and who own the brands of the top five mobile phone manufacturer smart phones use text message slightly more frequent than teens who own the low-end standard mobile phones and from lower income household (PewInternet, 2009). The objective of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between texting and the type of mobile phone. This study did not include the originality of the mobile phones that the interviewees have. It did not matter if they were imitated or not. Those Grade-9 and 4th year students of Saint Augustine’s School, year 2014-2015, were the ones who were interviewed. Mobile Phones Smartphones Smartphone, refers to mobile phone which works like personal computers, has an independent operating system. Users can install software and games provided by the third party service providers, in order to extend the function of the mobile phone. And it can connect to mobile Internet through mobile communication network followed (Kumar, March 2012). Texting Frequency The volume of texting among teens has risen from 50 texts a day in 2009 to 60 texts for the median teen text user. Older teens, boys, and blacks are leading the increase. Texting is the dominant daily mode of communication between teens and all those with whom they communicate (Lenhart, 2012). Teen texting The Pew Internet survey shows that the heaviest texters are also the heaviest talkers. The heaviest texters (those who exchange more than 100 texts a day) are much more likely than lighter texters to say that they talk on their cell phone daily. Some 69% of heavy texters talk daily on their cell phones, compared with 46% of medium texters (those exchanging 21-100 texts a day) and 43% of light texters (those exchanging 0-20 texts a day) (Lenhart, 2012). The null hypothesis was there is no significant effect of the type of mobile phone on the frequency of texting. The alternative hypothesis was there is a significant effect of the type of mobile phone on the frequency of texting. Methodology Participants The 243 out of 276 Junior and Senior students of Saint Augustine’s School (SAS) who have mobile phones who answered the questionnaire, computer with access to internet where the articles, journals and data regarding the study were taken, 24 copies of questionnaire and the facts about texting and mobile phones were the participants of this investigatory project. Procedure The 24 copies of questionnaire were distributed to every column of each classroom of the Juniors and Seniors last November 24, 2014.Through the questionnaire, the researchers asked for the total number of the students who have smartphones and those who have regular phones. They were questioned if how many times do they text daily- 1-5 times,6-10 times,11-15 times or 15-20 times. The result of the survey was summarized in a 24 table but later simplified to a 22 table because those who text 1-5 and 6-10 times a day were taken as one as well as those who text 11-15 and 16-20 times in order to make the solution to the problem less complicated. Data Analysis A chi-square test of independence was performed to test the null hypothesis of no association between type of mobile phone and frequency of texting. Results The P-value, 0.25, which was more than the significance level 0.05 provided a very strong evidence that the frequency of texting doesn’t depend on the type of mobile phone. Thus, the researchers accepted the null hypothesis and it was proper to conclude that the type of mobile phone, smartphone and regular phone, has no significant effect on the frequency of texting. Discussions All the textual data were based on online articles. They were borrowed, read, analyzed, and summarized. The numerical data, which were gathered through a questionnaire, were summed up in a 22 table for a more concise and apprehensible look. However, they were originally summarized in a 24 table but to make it easier and faster to arrive to the answer, the researchers have chosen to just take those who text 1-5 and 6-10 times a day as one and the who text 11-15 and 16-20 times both in the row of smartphone and regular phone. There were approximately 12 % of the respondents who did not answer the questionnaire both intentionally and unintentionally but it did not stop the researchers from proceeding to the next step. Using the numerical data, and the Chi-Square Test of Independence as the statistical tool, the researchers computed for the degrees of freedom (DF), expected frequencies (Er,c) and test statistics (X2) . Er,c and X2 were rounded off to the nearest hundredths. The researchers used the Chi-Square Distribution table to find for the P-value which was found out to be 0.25. The null hypothesis, saying that the type of mobile phone has no significant effect on the frequency of texting, was accepted because the P-value was far higher than the significance level 0.05. Appendices Raw Data *Students who have mobile phone: 243 *Students who did not answer: 33 *Total population: 276 B. Statistical Computations Using the numerical data, the researchers computed for the degrees of freedom, expected frequencies, test statistic, and approximate P-value associated with the test statistic and degrees of freedom. Degrees of Freedom DF = (r 1) * (c 1) where r is the number of levels for one categorical variable, and c is the number of levels for the other categorical variable. DF = (r 1) * (c 1)=(2-1)*(2-1) =1 Expected Frequencies Er,c= (nr* nc) / n where Er,cis the expected frequency count for levelrof Variable A and levelcof Variable B, nris the total number of sample observations at level r of Variable A, ncis the total number of sample observations at levelcof Variable B, and n is the total sample size. Er,c= (nr* nc) / n E1,1=( 182*91)/243= 68.16 E1,2=( 182*152)/243=113.84 E2,1=( 61*91)/243=22.84 E2,2 =( 61*152)/243=38.16 Test Statisitics ÃŽ §2= ÃŽ £ [ (Or,c Er,c)2/ Er,c] where Or,cis the observed frequency count at levelrof Variable A and levelcof Variable B, and Er,cis the expected frequency count at levelrof Variable A and levelcof Variable B. ÃŽ §2= ÃŽ £ [ (Or,c Er,c)2/ Er,c] =(67-68.16)2/68.16+(115-113.84)2/113.84+(24-22.84)2/22.84+(37-38.16)2/38.16 =0.10+0.01+0.06+0.34 =0.51 P-value Using the Chi-Square Distribution Table The first higher value than the Test Statistics, going to the right, row of 1 as the DF, was 1.32, so looking up to its P-value in the uppermost cell of its column was equal 0.25. C. Questionnaire To all the Juniors and Seniors, This questionnaire is very much needed for the completion of our 3rd Grading Investigatory project. We ask for your active participation and honesty in answering the given questions. Thank you! Yours Truly, Group 2 of IV-2 Year and Section: How many are you in your classroom? Per column: 1. How many are you in your column? 2. Who are the students who own smartphones and non-smartphones? For number 2, follow the format below. Students with smartphones ( phones with access to internet, camera, etc.) Students with regular phone (phone intended for messaging and calling, w/o access to internet and do not consist of downloadable applications.) References Central Intelligence Agency(2011).The worldfactbook. Retrieved Sept., 14, 2014, from  https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.  Pestle analysis. Retrieved from  http://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/pestle-analysis.aspx Kumar, Dinesh(March 2012). An empirical study of brand preference of mobile phones among  college and university students. Lenhart, Amanda (2012). Teens, smartphones texting.Retrieved from  http://www.pewinternet.org/2012/03/19/teens-smartphones-texting/ Mika Husso (2011). Analysis of competition in the mobile phone markets of  the United States and Europe. http://epub.lib.aalto/ethesis/pdf/12638/hse_ethesis_12638.pdf.fi/en Nurullah, A.S. (2009). The cell phone as an agent of social change. Retrieved from  http://ualberta.academia.edu/AbuSadatNurullah/Papers/109273/The_Cell_Phone_as_an_Agent_of_Social_Change Sharma, S., Gopal, V., Sharama, R., Sharma, N.,(Eds.).(2012). Study on mobile phones brand pattern among the college students of Delhi-NCR.Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/monikakumari1971/a-study-on-mobile-phones-brand switching-pattern-among-the-college-students-of-delhincr-33612332631pb The Carphone Warehouse (2006). The mobile life youth report 2006: The impact of the mobile  phone on the lives of young people.Retrieved fromhttp://www.mobilelife2006.co. uk/